The French Revolution: Crash Course World History #29

Transcript The French Revolution: Crash Course World History #29 This video examines the causes and effects of the French Revolution. John Green explains how the revolution took a radical turn that undermined its idealistic beginnings. He argues that the French Revolution was much more revolutionary than the American Revolution, even though not a lot changed in France after it was over. The video highlights some long-term effects of the French Revolution. Transcript The French Revolution: Crash Course World History #29 Timing and description Text 00:01 Hi, my name is John Green. This is Crash Course World History, and today we’re going to talk about the French Revolution. Admittedly, this wasn’t the French flag John Green points until 1794, but we just felt like he looked good in stripes. As does this guy, eh? to a drawing on the So, while the American Revolution is considered a pretty good thing, the French chalkboard: a stick figure Revolution is often seen as a bloody, anarchic mess. wearing the French flag John Green as his younger Mr. Green, Mr. Green, I bet, like always, it’s way more complicated than that. self Actually no, it was pretty terrible. Also, like a lot of revolutions, in the end it exchanged an authoritarian regime. for an authoritarian regime. But even if the revolution was a mess, its ideas changed human history far more, I will argue, than the American Revolution. 00:41 Right, so France in the 18th century was a rich and populous country, but it had a systemic problem collecting taxes because of the way its society was structured. th Painting of 18 century They had a system with kings and nobles we now call the Ancien Règime. Thank France – architecturally you, three years of high school French. And for most French people, it sucked, beautiful and advanced because the people with the money—nobles and the clergy—never paid taxes. So by 1789, France was deeply in debt thanks to their funding the American Painting of the American Revolution. Thank you, France, we will get you back in World Wars I and II. And Revolution; brief video King Louis XVI was spending half of his national budget to service the federal debt. footage of WWI and II Louis tried to reform this system under various finance ministers. He even called warfare for democracy on a local level, but all attempts to fix it failed and soon France basically declared bankruptcy. This nicely coincided with hailstorms that ruined a year’s harvest, thereby raising food prices and causing widespread hunger, which really made the people of France angry, because they love to eat. 01:32 Meanwhile, the king certainly did not look broke, as evidenced by his well-fed physique and fancy footwear. He and his wife Marie Antoinette also got to live Painting of the king in the very nice Palace of Versailles thanks to God’s mandate, but Enlightenment looking well-fed and thinkers like Kant were challenging the whole idea of religion, writing things wearing fancy clothing like, “The main point of enlightenment “is of man’s release from his self-caused immaturity, primarily in matters of religion.”So basically the peasants were hungry, the intellectuals were beginning to wonder whether God could or should save the king, and the nobility were dithering about eating foie gras and songbirds, failing to make meaningful financial reform. In response to the crisis, Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates General, the Painting of the meeting closest thing that France had to a national parliament, which hadn’t met since 1614. called the Estates General, The Estates General was like a super parliament made up of representatives from many men are seated in a the First Estate, the nobles; the Second Estate, the clergy; and the Third Estate, very elaborate building everyone else. The Third Estate showed up with about 600 representatives, the First and Second Estates both had about 300, and after several votes, everything was deadlocked, and then the Third Estate was like, “You know what? “Forget you guys. “We’re gonna leave and we’re gonna become our own National Assembly.” 02:35 This did not please King Louis XVI. So when the new National Assembly left the room for a break, he locked the doors, and he was like, “Sorry, guys, you can’t go in there. “And if you can’t assemble, how you gonna be a National Assembly?” 2 Transcript The French Revolution: Crash Course World History #29 Timing and description Text Drawing of the new Shockingly, the Third Estate representatives were able to find a different room National Assembly taking in France, this time an indoor tennis court where they swore the famous Tennis an oath in a tennis court Court Oath. And they agreed not to give up until a French constitution was established. So then Louis XVI responded by sending troops to Paris primarily to quell uprisings over food shortages, but the revolutionaries saw this as a provocation, Painting of the storming of so they responded by seizing the Bastille Prison on July 14, which, coincidentally, the Bastille Prison is also Bastille Day. The Bastille was stormed ostensibly to free prisoners, although there were only seven in jail at the time, but mostly to get guns. But the really radical move in the National Assembly came on August 4, when they abolished most of the Ancien Règime. Feudal rights, tithes, privileges for nobles, unequal taxation—they were all abolished in the name of writing a new constitution. 03:27 And then, on August 26, the National Assembly proclaimed the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, which laid out a system of rights that applied to every Photos of the French person, and made those rights integral to the new constitution. That’s quite Declaration of Rights and different from the American Bill of Rights, which was, like, begrudgingly tacked the American Bill of rights on at the end and only applied to non-slaves. The DoRoMaC, as I called it in high school, declared that everyone had the right to liberty, property, and security, rights that the French Revolution would do an exceptionally poor job of protecting. But as noted last week, the same can be argued for many other supposedly more successful revolutions. Okay, let’s go to the Thought Bubble. 04:00 Meanwhile, back at Versailles, Louis XVI was still King of France and it was looking like France might be a constitutional monarchy, which might’ve meant that Animation of Louis XVI at the royal family could hang on to their awesome house. But then, in October of Versailles 1789, a rumor started that Marie Antoinette was hoarding grain somewhere inside Armed peasants storm the palace. And in what became known as the Women’s March, a bunch of armed Versailles peasant women stormed the palace and demanded that Louis and Marie Antoinette move from Versailles to Paris. Which they did, because everyone is afraid of armed peasant women. And this is a nice reminder that to many people at the time, the French Revolution was not primarily about fancy Enlightenment ideas, it was mostly about lack of food and a political system that made economic contractions hardest on the poor. 04:43 Now, a good argument can be made that this first phase of the revolution wasn’t all that revolutionary. The National Assembly wanted to create a constitutional The National Assembly monarchy, they believed that the king was necessary for a functioning state, and protesting against the they were mainly concerned that the voters and office holders be men of property. frightened King; Only the most radical wing, the Jacobins, called for the creation of a republic. But the Jacobins lead a protest things were about to get much more revolutionary. and also worse for France. First, the Jacobins had a huge petition drive that got a bit unruly, which led troops controlled not by the king but by the National Assembly to fire on the crowd, killing 50 people. And that meant that the National Assembly, which had been the revolutionary voice of the people, had killed people in an attempt to reign in revolutionary fervor. You see this a lot throughout history during revolutions. What looked like radical hope and change suddenly becomes “The Man” as increasingly 3 Transcript The French Revolution: Crash Course World History #29 Timing and description Text radical ideas are embraced. 05:34 Thanks, Thought Bubble. Meanwhile, France’s monarchical neighbors were getting a little nervous about all this republic business, especially Leopold II, who in addition to being the not-holy, not-Roman, and not-imperial Holy Roman Emperor was Marie Antoinette’s brother. I should note, by the way, that at this point, the Holy Roman Empire was basically just Austria. Also, like a lot of monarchs, Painting of Leopold II Leopold II liked the idea of monarchies, and he wanted to keep his job as a person wearing a very elaborate who gets to stand around wearing a dress, pointing at nothing, owning winged red dress-like garment lion-monkeys made out of gold. And who can blame him? So he and King William Frederick II of Prussia together issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which promised to restore the French monarchy. At this point, Louis and the National Assembly developed a plan—let’s invade Austria. The idea was to plunder Austria’s wealth and maybe steal some Austrian grain to shore up French food supplies and also, you know, spread revolutionary zeal. But what actually happened is that Prussia joined Austria in fighting the French.

The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College 5-2014 Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789 Kiley Bickford University of Maine - Main Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the Cultural History Commons Recommended Citation Bickford, Kiley, "Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789" (2014). Honors College. 147. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/147 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NATIONALISM IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 by Kiley Bickford A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for a Degree with Honors (History) The Honors College University of Maine May 2014 Advisory Committee: Richard Blanke, Professor of History Alexander Grab, Adelaide & Alan Bird Professor of History Angela Haas, Visiting Assistant Professor of History Raymond Pelletier, Associate Professor of French, Emeritus Chris Mares, Director of the Intensive English Institute, Honors College Copyright 2014 by Kiley Bickford All rights reserved. Abstract The French Revolution of 1789 was instrumental in the emergence and growth of modern nationalism, the idea that a state should represent, and serve the interests of, a people, or "nation," that shares a common culture and history and feels as one. But national ideas, often with their source in the otherwise cosmopolitan world of the Enlightenment, were also an important cause of the Revolution itself. The rhetoric and documents of the Revolution demonstrate the importance of national ideas.

!Bastille day! From Emily Southcoat My Drawing :) Richmond School Y7 Facts about Bastille Day French National Day, is celebrated on July 14 th every year in France. It is a day to celebrate and remember the beginning of the French Revolution, following the storming of the Bastille in Paris, which was a fortress and prison representing French Royalty in 1789.Bastille day is not actually called Bastille day it's actually called in french “le 14 juillet” or simply “la fête nationale”. July 14th became France’s National Day in 1880 as a compromise between Republicans and Royalists.Did you know that Van Gogh painted twice about Bastille day the first was at 1886 and 1890.The first one that Van Gogh painted (1886) was full of red,white and blue flags and the other (in 1890) representing the city hall of Auvers-sur-l’Oise where he was mentally treated by a doctor. In this one, the flags and garlands’ colors actually appear almost unnoticeable in the cool-toned painting. P.2 July the 14th always begings witha refused to go until he had finished his military parade.The Bastille was roast pheasant dinner. originally a royal state prison built in the 1370s to defend Paris from the English during the Hundred Years War. Once a busy state penitentiary, it only held seven prisoners when it was stormed. The seven prisoners comprised four forgers, two lunatics and one aristocrat. The aristocrat was Comte Hubert de Solages, whose family had asked for him to be imprisoned for committing incest with his sister.

Timeline of the French Revolution 1789 1793 May 5 Estates General convened in Versailles Jan. 21 Execution of Louis XVI (and later, Marie Jun. 17 National Assembly Antoinette on Oct. 16) Jun. 20 Tennis Court Oath Feb. 1 France declares war on British and Dutch (and Jul. 11 Necker dismissed on Spain on Mar. 7) Jul. 13 Bourgeois militias in Paris Mar. 11 Counterrevolution starts in Vendée Jul. 14 Storming of the Bastille in Paris (official start of Apr. 6 Committee of Public Safety formed the French Revolution) Jun. 1-2 Mountain purges Girondins Jul. 16 Necker recalled Jul. 13 Marat assassinated Jul. 20 Great Fear begins in the countryside Jul. 27 Maximilien Robespierre joins CPS Aug. 4 Abolition of feudalism Aug. 10 Festival of Unity and Indivisibility Aug. 26 Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen Sept. 5 Terror the order of the day Oct. 5 Adoption of Revolutionary calendar 1791 1794 Jun. 20-21 Flight to Varennes Aug. 27 Declaration of Pillnitz Jun. 8 Festival of the Supreme Being Jul. 27 9 Thermidor: fall of Robespierre 1792 1795 Apr. 20 France declares war on Austria (and provokes Prussian declaration on Jun. 13) Apr. 5/Jul. 22 Treaties of Basel (Prussia and Spain resp.) Sept. 2-6 September massacres in Paris Oct. 5 Vendémiare uprising: “whiff of grapeshot” Sept. 20 Battle of Valmy Oct. 26 Directory established Sept. 21 Convention formally abolishes monarchy Sept. 22 Beginning of Year I (First Republic) 1797 Oct. 17 Treaty of Campoformio Nov. 21 Berlin Decree 1798 1807 Jul. 21 Battle of the Pyramids Aug.

PARIS, FRANCE HISTORIC TRAIL PARIS, FRANCE HISTORIC TRANSATLANTICTRAIL COUNCIL How to Use This Guide This Field Guide contains information on the Paris Historical Trail designed by Eric Hian-Cheong of Troop 112, Paris as part of his Eagle Scout Project. The guide is intended to be a starting point in your endeavor to learn about the history of the sites on the trail. Remember, this may be the only time your Scouts visit Paris in their life so make it a great time! While TAC tries to update these Field Guides when possible, it may be several years before the next revision. If you have comments or suggestions, please send them to [email protected] or post them on the TAC Nation Facebook Group Page at https://www.facebook.com/groups/27951084309/. This guide can be printed as a 5½ x 4¼ inch pamphlet or read on a tablet or smart phone. PARIS, FRANCE 2 HISTORIC TRAIL Table of Contents Getting Prepared……………………… 4 What is the Historic Trail…………5 Historic Trail Route…………….6-29 Trail Map & Pictures..……….. 30-33 Quick Quiz…………………………………34 B.S.A. Requirements…………..……35 Notes……………………………..……36-39 PARIS, FRANCE HISTORIC TRAIL 3 Getting Prepared Just like with any hike (or any activity in Scouting), the Historic Trail program starts with Being Prepared. 1. Review this Field Guide in detail. 2. Check local conditions and weather. 3. Study and Practice with the map and compass. 4. Pack rain gear and other weather-appropriate gear. 5. Take plenty of water. 6. Make sure socks and hiking shoes or boots fit correctly and are broken in.

Parkland College A with Honors Projects Honors Program 2014 The alF l of the Bastille: The oiceV and Power of Paris Harold Lowery Parkland College Recommended Citation Lowery, Harold, "The alF l of the Bastille: The oV ice and Power of Paris" (2014). A with Honors Projects. 119. http://spark.parkland.edu/ah/119 Open access to this Article is brought to you by Parkland College's institutional repository, SPARK: Scholarship at Parkland. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Fall of the Bastille: The Voice and Power of Paris Harold Lowery History 102: Western Civilization II May 13th, 2014 The Fall of the Bastille: The Voice and Power of Paris When the research began into the fall of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, which has been called the beginning of the French Revolution that led to the fall of Louis XVI, the events that culminated in the storming of the Bastille was the combination of massive failures in agriculture, the use of military force in Paris, and the nobility’s efforts to undermine the commoners. The goal of this paper is to show the lengths humanity will go to bring about change and explain how the combinations of these events led to the storming of the Bastille. Prior to the fall of the Bastille, life within France was not one of commonality, "For all the patriots' talk about 'the nation,' there was little in the social and economic life of that nation that bound it together. Life experience was quite limited."[1] The statement shows the immensity of the events of July 14, which unified classes of people who had little in common before.

5 CONTESTED SYMBOLS Lear Prize Winner Contested Symbols: Vichy France and the Legacy of the French Revolution This paper examines how Vichy, the authoritarian government in France throughout most of the Second World War, reckoned with the legacy of the French Revolution. I investigate this relationship through the regime’s treatment of four revolutionary symbols: the figure Marianne, the anthem “La Marseillaise,” the national holiday of Bastille Day, and the slogan of Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité. Because these symbols were deeply embedded in French social and political life, I argue that Vichy could neither fully reject nor embrace them; instead, it pursued a middle ground by twisting the symbols’ meanings and introducing alternatives in line with the traditionalism and ethnocentrism of its National Revolution. In doing so, Vichy attempted to replace the French Republic and the revolutionary values that it stood for with its own vision of the French past, present, and future. Emma Satterfield Written for History 457: Modern Revolutions 1776, 1789, 1917, 1989, 2011 Dr. Peter C. Caldwell SPRING 2019 EMMA SATTERFIELD 6 Since 1789, the themes and struggles at the heart of the French Revolution have been invoked and re-invoked at times of political crisis and change, from the empire of Napoleon to the brief Paris Commune of 1870. At the onset of the twentieth century, even as the Revolution grew more distant with the passing of time, its legacy remained central to the identity of both the French Republic and its citizens. This crystallization of French identity was made possible by the government’s use of a repertoire of revolutionary symbols embodying the ideals of liberty, equality, and brotherhood.

Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: British and French Relations with the Netherlands, 1785-1815 Graeme Edward Callister PhD University of York Department of History September 2013 ABSTRACT This thesis examines the interplay of public opinion, national identity and foreign policy during the period 1785-1815, focusing on three consistently interconnected countries: the Netherlands, France and Great Britain. The Netherlands provides the centrepiece to the study, which considers how the Dutch were perceived as a nation, a people and as a political entity, at both governmental and popular levels, in the three countries throughout the period. Public opinion is theorised as a two-part phenomenon. Active public opinion represents the collated thoughts and responses of a certain public to an event or set of circumstances. Latent public opinion represents the sum of generally-accepted underlying social norms, stereotypes or preconceptions; the perceptions and representations latently present in unconscious mentalités. The thesis examines how perceptions and representations of the Netherlands in all three countries fed into public opinion and, ultimately, into national identity either of the self or the ‘other’. It then investigates the extent to which the triangular policies of Britain, France and the various incarnations of the Dutch state were shaped by popular perceptions, identities and opinion. While active opinion is shown to have generally been of negligible importance to the policy-making process, it is argued that the underlying themes of latent opinion often provided the conceptual background that politicians from all three countries used to make policy. The influence of latent opinion was often as much unconscious as deliberate.

5 CONTESTED SYMBOLS Lear Prize Winner Contested Symbols: Vichy France and the Legacy of the French Revolution This paper examines how Vichy, the authoritarian government in France throughout most of the Second World War, reckoned with the legacy of the French Revolution. I investigate this relationship through the regime’s treatment of four revolutionary symbols: the figure Marianne, the anthem “La Marseillaise,” the national holiday of Bastille Day, and the slogan of Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité. Because these symbols were deeply embedded in French social and political life, I argue that Vichy could neither fully reject nor embrace them; instead, it pursued a middle ground by twisting the symbols’ meanings and introducing alternatives in line with the traditionalism and ethnocentrism of its National Revolution. In doing so, Vichy attempted to replace the French Republic and the revolutionary values that it stood for with its own vision of the French past, present, and future. Emma Satterfield Written for History 457: Modern Revolutions 1776, 1789, 1917, 1989, 2011 Dr. Peter C. Caldwell SPRING 2019 EMMA SATTERFIELD 6 Since 1789, the themes and struggles at the heart of the French Revolution have been invoked and re-invoked at times of political crisis and change, from the empire of Napoleon to the brief Paris Commune of 1870. At the onset of the twentieth century, even as the Revolution grew more distant with the passing of time, its legacy remained central to the identity of both the French Republic and its citizens. This crystallization of French identity was made possible by the government’s use of a repertoire of revolutionary symbols embodying the ideals of liberty, equality, and brotherhood.

Illinois Math and Science Academy DigitalCommons@IMSA Faculty Publications & Research History and Social Science 2015 The Austrian Army Lee Eysturlid Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.imsa.edu/hss_pr Part of the European History Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Eysturlid, Lee. "The Austrian Army." In European Armies of the French Revolution, 1789-1802, 64-85. Vol. 50. Campaigns & Commanders. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015. Accessed MONTH DAY, YEAR. http://digitalcommons.imsa.edu/hss_pr/14/. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the History and Social Science at DigitalCommons@IMSA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications & Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@IMSA. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. CHAPTER 3 THE AUSTRIAN ARMY LEE EYSTURLID uring the long, on-again-off-again wars generated by the events D of the French Revolution, the Habsburg monarchy would con- tribute the largest single contingent of troops to the fight.1 For the Austrians, the wars fought over this nine-year period were a long- term disaster. Entering the war with a small, professional army, the monarchy would constantly be at loose ends to find the financ- ing and manpower to carry out the demands of a European-wide war. Worse yet, and critical to remember, was that the disparate Habsburg lands were incapable of the political revolution that had allowed a homogenous France to mobilize so many men and such vast resources.

Grade 10 - History Topic 3 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789 1 Until 1789 rule by Kings States Generals Called 1789 Fall of the Bastille, July 1789 King Louis XVI of France [http://www.biography.com/people/louis-xvi-9386943] New Constitution 1789 - 1791 Republic 1792 Extremists in Power 1793 Reign of Terror 1793 - 1794 Napoleon First The Directory Consul 1795 1799 2 [http://www.biography.com/people/napoleon- 9420291] CONDITIONS IN FRANCE BEFORE 1789 The French Revolution was the result of conditions in France in the century preceding 1789. The causes are usually considered under the following headings: POLITICAL CAUSES A. THE WORKING OF THE GOVERNMENT The government was despotic, i.e. the King had absolute power. However, there were two other powerful organisations in France: i The power of the Church a. The Catholic Church owned a large amount of land. b. It was very wealthy. c. It was not subjected to ordinary laws; it had its own legal system. d. It did not pay official taxes but gave ‘presents’ to the state on a voluntary basis. e. It was socially and educationally very important. ii The Parlements of France a. These were special courts of law that had the right to register all and therefore could refuse to register a law made by the King. b. The King could use his power of ‘Lit de justice’ whereby he could in theory force the Parlements to register the law, but in fact he was afraid to use this power in case he upset the Parlements. b. The King nominated the members of the Royal Council and they were responsible to him.

Bastille Day quiz 2012, by Julia Douthwaite [email protected] 1. Plans to commemorate the storming of the Bastille in 1793 were doomed when news of a shocking murder committed on July 13, 1793 swept through Paris and prompted a massive public outpouring of grief the next day. Who was murdered? a. the Count de Mirabeau, a popular monarchist b. Jacques Hébert, the salty « Father Duchêne » of newspaper fame c. the Duke d‟Orléans, otherwise known as Philippe-Égalité (famous for voting the execution of his own cousin, Louis XVI) d. Jean-Paul Marat, journalist and deputy 2. To be a sans-culotte (literally “without-breeches”) during the Revolution meant to be: a. a man who refuses to wear underwear b. a woman who only wears skirts c. a militant populist d. a hermaphrodite 3. Although this man is widely held responsible for the brutality of the Terror, he opposed the de-Christianization of France, detested atheism (seen as an indulgence of aristocrats), and spoke eloquently on behalf of “any consoling doctrine that elevates the soul.” His name? a. Louis Antoine de Saint-Just b. Charles Henri Sanson, the executioner c. Maximilien Robespierre d. Joseph Fouché, the “Butcher of Lyon” 1 4. Despite great wealth and celebrity, this person was characterized as a “firefly in a whirlwind” (une libellule dans un tourbillon), whose fragile light was too bright to last. Who is it? a. the Dauphin b. the Queen, Marie-Antoinette c. the Duke d‟Orléans d. Lady-in-Waiting to the Queen, the Princess de Lamballe 5. In the drawing by Jacques-Louis David of “Marie-Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine” (1793), the Queen looks much older than her 37 years.

Name: Date: 15 total marks Celebrations around the World: Bastille Day Mini Test 1. What country celebrates Bastille Day? 1 mark 2. On what date is Bastille Day celebrated each year? 1 mark 3. Briefly explain why the commoners were so upset with the King, clergy and nobles. 3 marks 4. Name the King and Queen of France during the French Revolution. 2 marks 5. Who famously said, “Well, if they have no bread, let them eat cake instead.”? 2 marks Why do you think this upset the commoners in France so much? 6. The nobles of France were called E by the revolutionaries. 1 mark total for this page History | Year 3 | Celebrations around the World | Bastille Day | Lesson 7 7. Name the fearsome machine which sliced off a prisoner’s head with a razor-sharp blade. 1 mark 8. True or false? Bastille Day is only celebrated in France. 1 mark 9. Name the woman, pictured wearing a traditional cap, is the symbol of liberty on Bastille Day. 1 mark 10. Name the tall structure built in 1889 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. 1 mark 11. List at least three ways Bastille Day is celebrated in France. 3 marks total for **END OF TEST** this page History | Year 3 | Celebrations around the World | Bastille Day | Lesson 7 Celebrations around the World: Bastille Day Mini Test Answers 1 France 1 mark 2 14th July 1 mark 3 The commoners were angry with the King, clergy and nobles because they were 1 mark forced to pay very high taxes and were starving due to famine and the King’s greed.